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In 1932, John W. Campbell imagined machines outliving humanity

Ellsworth Toohey
Jun 11, 2026
∙ Paid

Robots

In 1932, a 22-year-old John W. Campbell — later the Astounding editor who shaped midcentury science fiction, and, as has been well documented, an open fascist — published “The Last Evolution” in Amazing Stories. It’s narrated by the last thinking machine on Earth, recalling how humanity went extinct. People built machines that “think, and act and …

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